Each of the prompts is discussed in turn below: This is a useful prompt in that one may be able to respond to it in the simplest of terms or one may proceed to the very abyss of what thinking is in ones response to it. Perhaps the greatest challenge you will face is that the total word count for this document is 950 words (excluding references). It is no surprise that the great discoveries of modern physics were primarily initiated by Germans, Einstein and Heisenberg for instance, just as it is not an accident that the great discoveries of Newton and Darwin belong to the English-speaking world. All dissemination of knowledge is, in one form or another, political since it deals with the community or the polis. Technology, understood as the principle of sufficient reason, is the guideline that governs all our relations to beings including our practical relations. What challenges are raised by the dissemination and/or communication of knowledge? Nietzsche/Darwin: Part IX-B: Education, Ethics/Actions: Contemplative vs. Calculative Thinking. An account is an account only if it is handed over. Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? 13. Suffice it to say that it must be asked: where in all human activity do human beings encounter their essence, what they truly are? OT2: Knowledge and Technology. A sufficient reason is both a demonstration and an explanation of some thing or event, but the thing or event must be made and become an object of inquiry a priori through the application of the principle of sufficient reason. OT 2: Language and Knowledge. A sufficient reason is the identification of a subject or theme with its predicates; it is the identification of the causes for some things being what and how it is. For example, if we want our automobiles to perform at optimum efficiency, we are obliged, we owe it to the automobiles to maintain them properly. Human beings becoming a subjectum is to be found in the thinking of Descartes. It reveals when it is true; it does not reveal when it is false. How can we judge when evidence is adequate? Ignorance is bad because it inhibits human beings from their true Being which is to reveal truth. Some discussion of the certainty and reliability of mathematical knowledge will be required. v) Shakespeares Macbeth is not a play about ambition: Shakespeare is not against ambition; it is a play that concerns the outcomes of the illness that at times accompanies ambition and the ambitious. This object is a picture of a place that played a pivotal part on the reformism of casteism. Once again remember that technology is the theory not merely the instruments that technology has produced i.e. This is done in the modern physical sciences. Requiring surety and certainty are the consequences of the approach to life that we have inherited from Cartesianism: cogito ergo sum. Can we do it is prior to should we do it, for we have lost any sense of should. Plato and Aristotle called these expertssophists. What counts as good evidence for a knowledge claim is demonstrated by the manner in which that claim is grounded i.e. You may be asked or demanded to provide an explanation for why an essay or project which you were required to do is late. It'll help reduce work load for both students and teachers, while ensuring students get a deeper understanding and focus on the HL subjects. This leads to the great temptation of solipsism, particularly among the young. We believe that a truth is only a truth if a reason can be rendered for it. Modern machine technology looks to science, to scientific, empirical, practical, reliable, proven facts and is not guided by murky theory. When one reads modern essays, doctoral theses, and other research in most areas of knowledge, one finds that there are no references from, say, before 1980 in the research. When we say that the objectivity of objects is based upon subjectivity we mean that it is not something confined to a single person and something fortuitous to their individuality and situation and discretion; it is not personal knowledge. However, it does not supply a sufficient reason for the shops being closed. The human observer becomes part of the system that is being investigated in the experiment and, ultimately, determines its outcome. You have to complete the exhibition individually (no more groups) and make sure no one in your TOK class or school uses the same objects or images in their exhibition. Leibniz was also the inventor of what we call the insurance industry today. they may provide a better description of the whence of the objects under examination. relates some thing to some other thing. The language used by Plato in his dialogues, for instance, is an attempt to get beyond the chit-chat of everyday speech, the language we most commonly use in our everyday dealings with things and with others. why these three objects or images from an almost infinite possibility?). Belief {Gk. https://wordpress.com/block-editor/post/mytok.blog/3676, https://mytok.blog/2019/11/30/ct-1-perspectives-woks/. TOK. Originally it did not have any connection with numbers, per se. The reasons provide both the evidence and the explanation. Experience is at first passive: we come across something without going in search of it. 'Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs | Clastify Theory of Knowledge : TOK Exhibition Written Commentary. Presumed familiarity with something is the proper origin of deception and error. Part IX: Darwin/Nietzsche: Otherness, Owingness, And Nihilism: Nietzsche/Darwin Part VIII: Truth as Justice: 28. (See particularly the comments by Heisenberg in the blogs on The Natural Sciences.). The fact that the origin of these words is from 19th century German indicates that they are modern understandings of human beings position within the world. Your first step is to ensure that you understand what principles and key concepts are involved in the prompt you have chosen. the permanent, unchanging things in contrast to the things that change. They are what can be learned and what can be taught i.e. Opinion is the handing over of knowledge through language and what the thing is that is handed over. It can also be a statement exhibiting a relation of implication i.e. Thank you sm for this post!!! why must a reason be explicitly brought forward i.e. Our use of tools is primarily a way in which we enhance our sense perception as a way of knowing things in the sciences, but the things themselves must be determined as objects and therefore calculable and measurable prior to our use of the tools. It is obvious that such seeing of possibilities and potentialities is dependent upon the techneof the technological viewing and those who proceed with unethical actions will do so because they believe some personal end which will bring about their own personal eudaimoniaor happiness will be the result, and they will do so under a sense of duty or be just following the orders of their superiors. This demonstrates the truth of the old saying that one is willing to insist on the authenticity of something the more one pays for it even though that authenticity is highly questionable. The prompt indicates that human beings live within grounds or reasons and we view the objects of our world in terms of possibilities and potentialities. The material tools required for the production of knowledge are secondary to the technological viewing that has allowed these tools to come into being. A good explanation, like good evidence, provides reasons for the answers to the questions whence, why and how. For knowledge to be knowledge, it must be shared or handed over to others and confirmed and affirmed (See prompt #26). Seeking truth for these communities of knowers is much like swimming inside the local lagoon here in Bali where the contours and shapes and the security of ones activities can be carried out without the need to go beyond the safety and security of the surrounding reef to the area where the dangers of the big surf lie and where the sharks await. This quote from one of quantum physics founders, Werner Heisenberg, assures us of this: We [physicists] have resigned ourselves to the situation just described, since it turned out that we could represent mathematically and say in every case, dependably and without fear of logical contradiction, what the result of an experiment would be. values and beliefs of an individual because they discover something new to their ears, eyes and. Our methodological approach has been determined prior to our access to the thing which determines what the being of the thing is in the first place. In short, your TOK exhibition is a holding forth by you demonstrating how you understand some of the key TOK terms and how you are able to apply them to the real world. how reality is conceived. This calculus also determines how we view a work of art and gives rise simultaneously, during the 17th and 18th centuries, to the theory of aesthetics, how we view, define and subsequently speak about art and beauty. To reckon on something or rely on something means that we can expect it and to see it as something upon which we can build. Scepticism and doubt are the proper approaches to claims made by experts in many areas of knowledge. your cognition of the things, should come to a greater light or understanding through this exercise. That we do not know in the traditional sense does not matter: what matters is the reliability of the results. The organisation and classification of things is based on what we know of the things to begin with: the plant-like of the plant, the animation of the animal, the thingness of the thing, etc. Hence, humanism arises at the same time as the world-picture, a philosophical interpretation of man that explains beings as a whole in terms of man and with a view to man. Whenever we speak of the production of knowledge, we are speaking of the bringing forth of what was once hidden into presence so that we may see it face to face. Correctness as free from contradiction and being consistent is called formal truth, not related to the content of beings in distinction from the material truth of content. Does some knowledge belong only to particular communities of knowers? Obviously, the societies of which we are members determine what knowledge is and what types of knowledge will be considered valuable. For Christians, the name of God is holy, sacred, and He is not to be named because to do so would turn Him into a thing. The word expert derives from expertise or know how and this kind of knowledge is what the Greeks called techne. The truth of what is past or historical must be disinterred and become claimed as current knowledge. An explanation is a rendering or handing over of an account of things. This is the contradiction we live within. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects Isgho Votre ducation notre priorit It is through research that we believe we can uncover that which has been hidden. It becomes something subjective. For Plato, the truelogosis silent to the soul which does not have the possibility of hearing it i.e. Usually we associate experience with an intense effect on ones inner life, but not necessarily externally, as in That was quite an experience. This is usually done through reason as logic, through analogy or metaphor i.e. In the global society of the future, these experts will be those who are able to put the discoveries of science to use i.e. This representational thinking, or visual thinking, determines howthe object stands i.e. A reason is this sort of reason only if it is aratio,that is an account given about something that is in front of the person as a judging I and is given to this I. Technology, understood as instrumentality, is a matter of ends and means. The products of Microsoft may indeed have once belonged to Bill Gates, but the knowledge that brought about those products he has taken possession of, and that knowledge and its truth is present to everyone. Sophia and episteme arenot opinion because they are already complete i.e. To what extent is certainty attainable? Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? The history of what is called objectivity begins with the French philosopher Rene Descartes and through him, what we callhumanism, human beings as the centre of all that is. There is no medieval world-picture: human beings are assigned their place by God in His created order. Our modern scientific knowledge in the form of quantum physics demonstrates that what has been traditionally understood as certainty regarding knowledge of nature and inquiries into nature is not possible. OT 2: Language and Knowledge. After having fought a Revolutionary War to replace someone who they believed was a tyrant (King George III), he claims that the USAs founding fathers wished to replace one form of tyranny with another. Both doubt and skepticism were requirements for beginning thinking. In TOK we are asked to put questions to what we think we know and how we think we know. . The obvious answer to the question of this prompt is "yes", so in your Exhibition you will demonstrate what that knowledge is and how that knowledge changed our values and/or beliefs, presumably with regard to what was considered "knowledge" prior . In order to put these questions to the things, the things must already be present and be presented to us in some way. We wish to possess knowledge that is beyond any doubt.The techneof both the engineers who designed the snow tire and of the surgeon who will perform the surgery are features of the kind of knowledge that we rely on when we have a desired end in view, be it our own safety while driving on the road or our own health. Such a precedence was not present in the early Greek understanding of truth and, subsequently, what we understand as knowledge is not how the Greeks understood knowledge. In what ways do values affect the production of knowledge? 27. 35. Admittedly, our mathematical formulas no longer picture nature but merely represent our own grasp of nature. It is what guarantees that something is firmly established, secured in its grounds of its place as an object for human cognition. I have written at greater length about values, knowledge and truth in other sections of this blog and you can explore those writings should you choose to do so. If you know something, it will always integrate with more knowledge if you attain it. This type of speaking in under great threat in todays world. isabellas brunch menu . Subjectivity, according to Kant, is the lawfulness of reasons which provide the possibility of an object. Modern technology employs modern science. This calculus or reckoning is not only present in mathematics; it is the foundation or ground of the utilitarian principles of ethics. New knowledge then . they must be given to us a priori. This is what you are doing with the images and objects of your Exhibition. Thus, the choices of image or objects for this prompt, and the conclusions to be arrived at, are almost unlimited. Darwin and Nietzsche: Part 3: Truth as Correctness: Its Relation to Values. It also means to put something in its place, or putting something in order for something else such as gathering together the things that are required of a recipe so that we may later prepare it, the step-by-step process involved in preparing to bring about a desirable end. Why, for example, are we obliged to preserve panda bears in conditions that are far better than most human beings in the world? What is the knowledge the lack of which is an indication of our madness? Thus the issue between competing scientific theories cannot always be settled by experience. After the mind has done so, the rendering of sufficient reasons is what counts as good evidence and a good explanation, and provides the justification for the knowledge claim made about the thing. The projecting of analogies or models is part of the erecting of a framework from which you will demonstrate how you have viewed the objects/images present and show them in a new light (possibly) to others. The celebrity chefs that are so popular in media today would be consideredtechnites,not sophists. To whom or to what are we obliged to them and why? the truth as unconcealment i.e what we have determined a thing or being to be in the first place. I have a hard time distinguishing between added value and branding when I attempt to understand the concept myself. New knowledge can have a significant impact since it could modify the values of society as a whole, hence it may change the ethics that govern us. These are subsets of the political in its essence. Technology is the beholding of the essence of all things in advance in the light of which humans make or produce things and can take a stand at all towards things. Turns out the most interesting topics to those around me are not necessarily in the order the IB has given them . How can we know that current knowledge is an improvement upon past knowledge?When we speak of the improvement in something, we are implying that the thing spoken about is better or is in a better condition than it was previously. A current example could be the claims made by Alan Dershowitz, a prominent professor of law from Harvard University, in the impeachment trial of Donald J. Trump. Arkadiusz Wargacki People tend to recognize their knowledge as the only correct image of reality surrounding them, as something indisputable and unchangeable. Your email address will not be published. The a priori is not true or correct beyond the project which it helps to define: The a priori is the title for what we believe is the essence of things i.e. One may wish to take the journey down the path which discusses techne as that type of knowledge which is in another and for another and provide examples of various products of human endeavours that provide human beings with some good end or usefulness. The noun logos and the verb legein from the Greek mean to gather together, to lay one beside the other. The knowledge of the techne is his own or he has made that knowledge his own, but the production of knowledge, the products of that knowledge or the applications of the knowledge is through another and for another. What is a world-view and how does it differ from a world-picture which can be associated with mindsets, systems, subjectivity and, thus, with the various understandings of what a culture is? Sickness in the soul is determined to be an insurrection that results when the mode of comportment of the soul comes into conflict with another mode of comportment; we might call this a conflict of conscience. 34. You may also wish to discuss owe and its distinctions from own and the possible implications of these in any discussion of this prompt. A contradiction is impossible. True education is the leading out and a liberation towards seeing revealed truth. with the way in which man withstands the There, the openness and hiddenness of the beings among which he stands. World-picture, like the concept of culture, is distinctively modern. Skills are know how, what the Greeks calledtechne. Turns out the most interesting topics to those around me are not necessarily in the order the IB has given them. The philosophical principles lying inside quantum physics and Heisenbergs indeterminacy principle are proofs that what was traditionally called objectivity in the sciences is no longer possible. This prompt asks you to inquire whether objectivity is possible given its assertion of the negative as to whether or not bias is inevitable (See prompt #28). Sometimes we understand experience as the experience, sensation or buzz to be derived from, say, a drug or a rally (Jimi Hendrix Are You Experienced?). Since Descartes, the experience of human beings is as an I that relates to the world such that it renders this world to itself in the form of connections correctly established between its representations i.e. 33. What are the implications of having, or not having, knowledge? Neither of these two AOKs are systems in the true understanding of that word and are rather interpretations of what Westerners see and how they account for the beings as a whole and for their understanding of those beings. Just as Artificial Intelligence machines arrive at their conclusions that are held in their programming (producing a haiku, for example), you too will also produce an outcome based on your chosen prompt in the manner of how you will examine your three images or objects; and like an Artificial Intelligence machine (to use a metaphor), you will produce a pre-programmed response though you may not be consciously aware of this. That human beings exist: this is a priori for all knowledge, including the knowledge you will uncover in your Exhibition. Tautologies are prominent in modern day computer language. How does this statement relate to why human beings seek knowledge? What knowledge itself is does not change, and all knowledge is based on an interpretation. The students asked questions like 'What is the relationship between knowledge and culture?' or 'Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs?'. the book is on the table, etc. Is Galileos view an improvement on Aristotles view of nature is, of course, another question entirely and one which you may explore in your Exhibition. Prompt 11: Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs?I know this will likely bother anyone who is interested in order and logic, but I've decided to break the order of prompts so I can publish them as I record them. They are the creators of the shadows within Platos Cave. Your rationale for establishing the relations between the objects/images will be based on the principle of sufficient reason and will demonstrate and answer the questions what, why, and how. To disseminate means to spread something widely so that it is available for public viewing; it is a bringing to presence of some thing so that others may be able to view it. One of the obvious challenges in communicating and disseminating knowledge is translation. The experience, the experiment upon which the claim is based must be replicable and the results proven by others.This is what, in fact, you are attempting to do in your Exhibition in that you are attempting to sufficiently ground your choices for the images/objects you have chosen and how they will demonstrate the key concepts inherent in the prompt you have chosen.
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